Key Causes of Decline

Miyan Muhammad Afzal identifies several interconnected causes, each explored with historical depth and moral clarity:

1. Loss of Self-Accountability (خود احتسابی کا فقدان)

The author argues that the Ummah stopped holding itself accountable. Once known for introspection and reform, Muslims began blaming external forces—colonialism, conspiracies, and enemies—while ignoring internal decay. Without muhasaba (self-reckoning), no revival is possible.

2. Abandonment of Knowledge and Ijtihad

The decline began when Muslims stopped valuing ilm (knowledge) and ijtihad (independent reasoning). The gates of intellectual inquiry were closed, and blind imitation (taqlid) replaced critical thought. This led to stagnation in jurisprudence, science, and ethics.

3. Political Fragmentation and Tyranny

After the fall of the Ottoman Caliphate—a moment the author calls “the greatest tragedy in Muslim history”—the Ummah splintered into nation-states ruled by despots or puppets. The absence of just leadership and unity made Muslims vulnerable to exploitation and humiliation.

4. Moral and Spiritual Decay

The author emphasizes that the Ummah’s decline is not just political—it’s deeply spiritual. Hypocrisy, materialism, sectarianism, and superficial religiosity replaced sincerity, humility, and brotherhood. Mosques multiplied, but hearts grew distant.

5. Neglect of the Quranic Worldview

Miyan Muhammad Afzal believes that Muslims lost touch with the Quran’s transformative power. Instead of engaging with its message as a living guide, many reduced it to ritual recitation. The Quran’s call to justice, unity, and reflection was sidelined.